{"id":3319,"date":"2026-05-14T03:39:39","date_gmt":"2026-05-14T03:39:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/?p=3319"},"modified":"2026-05-14T03:39:39","modified_gmt":"2026-05-14T03:39:39","slug":"chain-drive-safety-guarding-what-korean-ce-and-osha-standards-actually-require","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/chain-drive-safety-guarding-what-korean-ce-and-osha-standards-actually-require\/","title":{"rendered":"\u94fe\u4f20\u52a8\u5b89\u5168\u9632\u62a4\u88c5\u7f6e\uff1a\u97e9\u56fd\u6807\u51c6\u3001CE\u6807\u51c6\u548cOSHA\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u8981\u6c42"},"content":{"rendered":"
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KS\/KOSHA<\/div>\n
CE \u00b7 Machinery Directive<\/div>\n
OSHA 1910.219<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u94fe\u4f20\u52a8\u5b89\u5168\u9632\u62a4\u88c5\u7f6e\uff1a\u97e9\u56fd\u6807\u51c6\u3001CE\u6807\u51c6\u548cOSHA\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u8981\u6c42<\/h1>\n

Industrial accident records consistently show chain and belt nip-point entanglement as one of the leading causes of upper-limb injuries in manufacturing. Guarding requirements are specific, documented, and enforceable \u2014 and the most common guard specification errors are predictable enough to address before an inspection or incident.<\/p>\n

Contact Our Technical Team for Drive System Advice<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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An MOEL (Ministry of Employment and Labour) safety inspection at a Gyeonggi-do metal fabrication plant in 2024 resulted in a \u20a948,000,000 penalty and a 30-day corrective action order for a total of 11 identified guarding deficiencies on chain and belt drives across the production floor. Nine of the eleven deficiencies were on drives that had guards installed \u2014 but the guards failed to meet the dimensional requirements specified in KOSHA GUIDE M-45-2023. The guards were too far from the nip points, had aperture sizes that allowed finger insertion above the reference distance from the hazard zone, or lacked the structural integrity requirements for the guard material thickness. Having a guard is not the same as meeting the guarding standard. Understanding exactly what the applicable standard requires \u2014 not just that guarding is required \u2014 is the difference between compliance and a corrective order.<\/p>\n

This article covers the specific requirements of the three standards most relevant to chain drive machinery in Korean industrial environments: Korean Occupational Safety and Health Standards (KOSHA GUIDE M-45 and related provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act), CE Machinery Directive 2006\/42\/EC (applicable to equipment exported to or procured from European markets), and OSHA 29 CFR 1910.219 (applicable to equipment operating in US facilities or manufactured to US-market specifications).<\/p>\n

\"\u53cc\u8282\u8ddd\u4f20\u52a8\u94fe\"<\/p>\n

The Four Hazard Zones Every Chain Drive Guard Must Address<\/h2>\n
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Nip Points<\/div>\n

Where chain meets sprocket on the infeed side. A body part (finger, hair, loose clothing) caught at the nip point is drawn into the drive with the full chain tension \u2014 the most severe injury mechanism. Guard must prevent access to within the safe reach distance of the nip line.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Wrap Points<\/div>\n

Exposed chain span surfaces and sprocket teeth where loose material can become entangled and wrap around the drive. Particularly hazardous for loose clothing, strings, hair, and wire. Guard must enclose the full span between sprockets, not just the nip zones.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Shear Points<\/div>\n

Where chain links pass close to a fixed structure \u2014 guide rails, guards, housings. The clearance between the moving chain and the fixed surface creates a shearing action if a body part or material is caught between them. Minimum clearances are specified by standard.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Broken Chain Ejection<\/div>\n

When a chain fails under tension, the stored elastic energy in the chain catenary can eject the failed section at high velocity. The guard must have sufficient structural strength to contain chain ejection fragments without being penetrated or displaced.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Counter-intuitive: the nip point is often not the most dangerous location on a chain drive from an entanglement perspective.<\/strong> The worst entanglement injuries in chain drive accidents occur at the span surface \u2014 the flat run of chain between sprockets where loose material wraps and accumulates tension before the operator can react. A nip point is typically visible and close to the sprocket face where a trained operator maintains awareness. The chain span, especially on elevated or overhead drives, is often the location where loose clothing or hair first contacts the chain, with the nip point being reached only after the entanglement has already begun. Guards that protect nip points but leave chain spans exposed are a common and dangerous partial solution.<\/div>\n

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Korean Regulatory Requirements: KOSHA and the Occupational Safety and Health Act<\/h2>\n

The primary Korean regulatory framework for machinery guarding is the Occupational Safety and Health Act (\uc0b0\uc5c5\uc548\uc804\ubcf4\uac74\ubc95, Law No. 16272) and its implementing regulations, supplemented by KOSHA Guides and KS standards. For chain drives specifically, the relevant provisions are Article 87 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (\uc0b0\uc5c5\uc548\uc804\ubcf4\uac74\uae30\uc900\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uaddc\uce59) and KOSHA GUIDE M-45 (Method of Safety Guarding for Mechanical Hazards).<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Requirement<\/th>\nKorean Standard Provision<\/th>\nKey Parameter<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Guard enclosure<\/td>\nKOSHA M-45 Sec. 4.1<\/td>\nMust enclose all nip points, wrap zones, and sprocket faces fully. Partial guards must leave no opening within 120 mm of a nip point that allows finger insertion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Aperture size vs distance<\/td>\nKOSHA M-45, KS B ISO 13857<\/td>\nMax aperture 6 mm at guard face; 40 mm at 200 mm from hazard; uses safe distance formula from KS B ISO 13857 (same as EN ISO 13857).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Guard material strength<\/td>\nKOSHA M-45 Sec. 5.3<\/td>\nSteel: \u22651.5 mm thick for fixed guards, \u22652.0 mm for hinged. Aluminium: \u22652.0 mm fixed, \u22653.0 mm hinged. Plastic: HDPE\/polycarbonate \u22653.0 mm, impact-rated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fastener type<\/td>\nKOSHA M-45 Sec. 5.4<\/td>\nFixed guards: tool-required fasteners (screws, bolts). Guards that must be opened frequently: interlocked with machine stop \u2014 not padlocked only.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Inspection access<\/td>\nArt. 87, OSHSA<\/td>\nGuards must be removable or hinged to allow inspection and lubrication without permanent disassembly. Access panels are permitted if they meet the aperture requirements above.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Labelling<\/td>\nArt. 115, OSHSA<\/td>\nWarning label on guard face in Korean and (if foreign workers present) the relevant language: “\uc791\ub3d9 \uc911 \uc5f4\uc9c0 \ub9c8\uc2dc\uc624” (Do not open while operating).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Interlocking requirement<\/td>\nKOSHA M-45 Sec. 6.2<\/td>\nGuards on drives with frequent access for product format changes must be interlocked with machine stop \u2014 guard opening triggers machine stop and lock-out before access is possible.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

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CE Machinery Directive 2006\/42\/EC: Requirements for European-Market Equipment<\/h2>\n

Any machine incorporating a chain drive that is placed on the European market requires a CE Declaration of Conformity under Machinery Directive 2006\/42\/EC (replaced by Regulation EU 2023\/1230 for equipment placed on market from 20 January 2027). The Directive itself sets the essential safety requirements (Annex I); the technical means of satisfying those requirements are specified in harmonised standards, of which EN ISO 13857:2019 (Safe Distances) and EN ISO 14120:2015 (Guards \u2014 General Requirements) are the most directly applicable to chain drive guarding.<\/p>\n

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EN ISO 13857 \u2014 Safe Distances<\/div>\n

Defines the minimum distance from the hazard zone to the outer face of the guard, as a function of the opening size in the guard. Table 1 (upper limbs) defines that at an aperture of 6 mm, the guard face can be at 0 mm from the hazard \u2014 contact guard. At 30 mm aperture, the guard face must be at least 120 mm from the hazard. These tables must be applied at every opening in the guard including ventilation slots, mesh apertures, and hinge clearances.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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EN ISO 14120 \u2014 Guards Design<\/div>\n

Covers the mechanical design requirements for fixed and moveable guards. Key provisions: fixed guards must require tools to remove; moveable guards protecting frequently accessed areas must be interlocked (Annex F of Machinery Directive); guards must not create additional hazards (sharp edges, finger trap geometries); and guards must remain in position during reasonably foreseeable operational abuse, including vibration from the guarded machine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Risk Assessment Requirement<\/div>\n

Unlike prescriptive OSHA standards, the CE approach requires a risk assessment (EN ISO 12100) identifying each hazard, estimating severity and probability, and demonstrating that the protective measures reduce residual risk to an acceptable level. The guard specification is the output of the risk assessment, not an independent requirement. A CE-marked machine must include a risk assessment in its technical file.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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OSHA 29 CFR 1910.219: US Requirements for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus<\/h2>\n

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.219 is the US standard for mechanical power transmission apparatus in general industry. It is prescriptive \u2014 it specifies dimensional requirements directly, without requiring a risk assessment. For chain drives specifically, the key requirements are:<\/p>\n

\"\u94fe\u6761\u548c\u94fe\u8f6e\u5305\u88c5<\/p>\n

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  1. Sprocket guard enclosure (1910.219(e)):<\/strong> All sprockets must be enclosed unless they are located more than 7 feet (2.13 m) above the floor or working surface, in which case guarding may be a partial enclosure or barrier. This height exception is frequently misapplied \u2014 it applies to the sprocket, not to the chain span below 7 feet. A drive with the sprocket at 8 feet but the chain running down to 4 feet requires chain span guarding even though the sprocket itself is exempt.<\/li>\n
  2. Guard dimensions (1910.219(e)(3)):<\/strong> Guards must extend at least 6 inches (152 mm) beyond the face of the sprocket. For chain drives, the guard must also cover the chain span on both the tight and slack sides. Guards of sheet metal must be at least 0.0478 inch (1.2 mm) thick; guards of wire mesh must use 10-gauge wire or heavier at 1-inch maximum mesh opening.<\/li>\n
  3. Oil-tight design (1910.219(e)(4)):<\/strong> Guards for chain drives on equipment where oil lubrication is used must be designed to retain oil \u2014 the guard functions as an oil-splash containment enclosure in oil-bath lubricated systems. This requirement means flat sheet guards with open bottom edges do not comply for oil-bath drives.<\/li>\n
  4. Access without removal (1910.219(f)):<\/strong> Guards must allow lubrication and inspection without complete removal. Hinged access panels or oil filler openings in fixed guards are specifically permitted as long as the access point meets the dimensional requirements for guard openings.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u6807\u51c6<\/th>\nApproach<\/th>\nMin Steel Thickness<\/th>\nAperture Rule<\/th>\nHeight Exemption<\/th>\nInterlocking Required?<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    KOSHA M-45<\/td>\nPrescriptive + risk-based<\/td>\n1.5 mm fixed, 2.0 mm hinged<\/td>\nPer KS B ISO 13857 table<\/td>\n2.0 m (6.6 ft)<\/td>\nYes, for frequent-access guards<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    CE\/EN ISO 14120<\/td>\nRisk-assessment driven<\/td>\nDepends on risk assessment<\/td>\nPer EN ISO 13857 table<\/td>\n2.5 m (8.2 ft, low risk)<\/td>\nYes, per risk assessment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    OSHA 1910.219<\/td>\nPrescriptive dimensional<\/td>\n1.2 mm (0.0478 in)<\/td>\nMax 25 mm (1 in) for mesh guards<\/td>\n2.13 m (7 ft)<\/td>\nRecommended but not specified<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Guard Types for Chain Drives: Which Type for Which Situation<\/h2>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Fixed full-enclosure guards<\/strong> are the default specification for chain drives with no maintenance access requirement more frequent than quarterly. Fabricated from sheet steel (1.5\u20132.0 mm), they fully enclose both sprockets and the chain span on all sides. Access is by bolted panel or hinged door with tool-required fasteners. These are the most compliant and lowest-maintenance guard type. The disadvantage is that lubrication access requires either built-in oiling points (fittings on the guard exterior that direct oil to the chain through internal passages) or partial disassembly at each lubrication event.<\/p>\n

    Hinged and interlocked guards<\/strong> are required when the drive requires access more than quarterly \u2014 format changes, frequent chain inspection, or auto-lubrication system service. The interlock must ensure the machine reaches a safe state (stopped and locked) before the guard can be opened. For chain drives with chain speed above 3 m\/s, the interlock must also incorporate a delayed release \u2014 the guard cannot open until the chain has decelerated to below the unsafe speed (which may take several seconds for high-inertia drives). This delay requirement is frequently omitted in guard designs for high-speed chain drives and is a common CE compliance gap.<\/p>\n

    Barrier guards<\/strong> (open mesh or perforated plate) may be used when the hazard is entanglement rather than impact, and when oil containment is not required. Wire mesh guards with maximum 25 mm aperture are permitted under OSHA 1910.219 and KS B ISO 13857 at the correct safe distance. Mesh guards have the advantage of allowing visual inspection of the chain without opening the guard \u2014 the maintenance technician can observe chain condition, lubrication, and elongation visually before deciding whether the guard needs to be opened. This maintenance-visibility advantage makes mesh guards useful on high-cycle drives where observation frequency is high.<\/p>\n

    Distance guards (barriers)<\/strong> are acceptable only under specific conditions: the chain drive must be elevated more than the applicable height threshold (2.0 m for KOSHA, 2.5 m for CE, 2.13 m for OSHA) and the barrier must prevent approach to within the calculated safe distance for the aperture size used. Distance guards at elevated height are the least engineering-intensive solution for overhead conveyor drives where the chain run is fully above the working area. They are not acceptable for drives at working height, around which operators routinely pass.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    The Seven Most Common Guarding Deficiencies Found During Korean MOEL Inspections<\/h2>\n
    \n
    \n
    1<\/div>\n
    Guard removed for maintenance and not replaced.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Guards removed for lubrication or inspection and not reinstalled before resuming operation. Required corrective action: interlocked guard system or formal lock-out\/tag-out procedure documented and trained for all operators.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    2<\/div>\n
    Guard covers sprocket only \u2014 chain span exposed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Sprocket-only guards that leave the chain span between sprockets unguarded. This is non-compliant under all three standards reviewed in this article \u2014 the chain span between sprockets is a hazard zone equal to the sprocket nip point.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    3<\/div>\n
    Aperture size too large for the guard-to-hazard distance.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Guards fabricated with mesh or slot apertures that exceed the safe size for the distance to the hazard zone. A guard 150 mm from the chain with a 40 mm mesh aperture fails the EN ISO 13857 \/ KS B ISO 13857 Table 1 requirement (40 mm aperture requires 200 mm minimum distance).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    4<\/div>\n
    Sheet metal too thin \u2014 deformed by minor impact, leaving gaps.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Guards fabricated from 0.8 mm or 1.0 mm sheet steel that have been deformed by incidental contact with materials or equipment, creating gaps at the guard edges. KOSHA M-45 specifies 1.5 mm minimum for fixed guards \u2014 not for structural reasons but because this thickness maintains its shape through normal industrial use.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    5<\/div>\n
    No interlocking on guards that are regularly opened.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Guards that require opening for format changes, which are opened while the machine is running or without a documented lock-out procedure. Detected in packaging lines, bottling systems, and conveyor drives where format changes are performed by operators who have found the guard-open\/running-machine practice to be faster.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    6<\/div>\n
    Guards on elevated drives not accounting for lower chain span height.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Overhead conveyors where the sprocket is above the height threshold but the chain span hangs down to within reach of workers \u2014 the height exemption applies to the hazard zone, not to the sprocket center height.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    7<\/div>\n
    No warning labelling on guard faces.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Guards installed without the required Korean-language warning text. Under Article 115 of the OSHSA, rotating machinery guards must display a warning against opening during operation. ISO 11684 pictographic labels (not text) are also acceptable and are language-neutral \u2014 appropriate for mixed-language workforces.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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    \u5e38\u89c1\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u7b54<\/h2>\n
    \nDoes a chain drive that was previously guarded-compliant require re-evaluation if a new chain or sprocket is installed?<\/summary>\n
    Under Korean OSHSA and CE Machinery Directive requirements, a change to the drive that modifies its mechanical hazard profile triggers a re-assessment of the guarding adequacy. Installing a larger sprocket (changing the sprocket outer diameter) can reduce the clearance between the guard interior surface and the sprocket face \u2014 potentially creating a shear point between the guard and the rotating sprocket. When ordering replacement sprockets with a different tooth count or bore configuration<\/a>, confirm the new outer diameter against the existing guard clearance before installation. Changing chain pitch or speed also affects the kinetic energy of any potential ejected fragment, which may require upgrading the guard’s structural rating. In practice, direct replacement of worn chain and sprockets with identical specification components does not trigger a re-assessment \u2014 only specification changes that alter the mechanical hazard parameters.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n
    \nCan polycarbonate or clear plastic guards be used instead of steel to allow visual inspection without opening?<\/summary>\n
    Yes \u2014 polycarbonate and impact-rated HDPE guards are permitted under KOSHA M-45 (minimum 3.0 mm thickness) and CE\/EN ISO 14120. The maintenance-visibility advantage of clear guards is real and valuable \u2014 maintenance technicians can check chain condition, lubrication, and alignment visually without disassembly. The key limitations are: polycarbonate is not suitable for environments with oil splash (oil causes crazing and rapid opacity loss), solvent-containing atmospheres (most solvents attack polycarbonate), or elevated temperatures above 120\u00b0C. For food processing environments with washdown, polycarbonate with adequate thickness (5+ mm) in food-grade formulation is both permitted and practically useful. Check that the polycarbonate grade specified is impact-rated at the minimum temperature of the installation \u2014 standard clear polycarbonate becomes brittle below \u22125\u00b0C.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n
    \nDoes the chain guarding requirement apply to chain-driven conveyors where the chain is the conveying surface and is necessarily exposed?<\/summary>\n
    Conveying surfaces where the chain is intentionally accessible to place and remove product are not required to be guarded along the product-carrying run \u2014 guarding this section would prevent the conveyor’s function. However, the drive sprockets, return chain runs, tensioners, and tail ends of the conveyor must still be guarded. The practical requirement is: (1) guard all sprockets and chain sections not required for product handling; (2) at the infeed and outfeed ends where operators’ hands are close to the chain, nip point guards that prevent hand insertion beyond the product-transfer zone are required; (3) access openings in conveyor frames that allow access to the return chain run from below must be guarded or fitted with barriers. The distinction between “functional exposure required for operation” and “hazard zone exposed without operational necessity” is the key determination in each specific case.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n
    \nWhat documentation is required to demonstrate guarding compliance during a KOSHA or MOEL inspection?<\/summary>\n
    For machinery subject to Korean OSHSA requirements, the minimum documentation for demonstrating guarding compliance is: (1) a hazard identification record listing each rotating component and its guarding provision; (2) guard drawings or specifications confirming material thickness and aperture dimensions; (3) inspection records showing that guards are checked at each periodic safety inspection (typically annually). For CE-marked equipment used in Korean facilities, the EU Declaration of Conformity (including the harmonised standards applied for guarding) is acceptable as compliance evidence for the guarding design, but the Korean facility is still responsible for ensuring guards remain in place and effective during operation \u2014 the CE mark demonstrates the equipment was safe as shipped, not that it remains safe in current operational condition.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \n
    \n
    KS\/KOSHA<\/div>\n
    CE Machinery Directive<\/div>\n
    OSHA 1910.219<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    Need Chain and Sprocket Technical Documentation for Compliance Records?<\/h2>\n

    We supply material certificates, dimensional compliance documentation, and technical data sheets for our chain and sprocket products to support KOSHA, CE, and OSHA compliance records. Contact us with your documentation requirements.<\/p>\n

    Browse Chain and Sprocket Range<\/a>
    \n    Request Technical Documentation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \u7f16\u8f91\uff1aCxm<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    KS\/KOSHA CE \u00b7 Machinery Directive OSHA 1910.219 Chain Drive Safety Guarding: What Korean, CE and OSHA Standards Actually Require Industrial accident records consistently show chain and belt nip-point entanglement as one of the leading causes of upper-limb injuries in manufacturing. Guarding requirements are specific, documented, and enforceable \u2014 and the most common guard specification errors […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6634],"tags":[78,69],"class_list":["post-3319","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chain-sprocket","tag-chain-sprocket","tag-sprocket-china"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3319","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3319"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3319\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3321,"href":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3319\/revisions\/3321"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3319"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3319"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sprocket-chain.net\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3319"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}